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| Posted: Fri 11:32, 08 Dec 2006 Post subject: Haiku |
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| Haiku (俳句) je lyrický útvar s přírodní tematikou, který je tvořen zvukomalebným trojverším s počty slabik 5–7–5, dělicí pauzou a zařazovacím slovem (jap. kigo). Jde o nejznámější formu japonské poezie.
Vznik haiku Forma haiku vychází ze starší tradice básní renga („řazená báseň“) skládaných skupinově. Forma řazených básní podléhá řadě pravidel s tím, že úvodní nejdůležitější sloka (jap. hokku) vystihuje jako uzavřený celek téma celé řady. Následuje sloka wakiku s verši o 7–7 slabikách, která rozšiřuje význam předchozí sloky. Pak následuje třetí sloka opět v rozsahu 5–7–5 slabik a opět další sloka. Tímto způsobem vznikaly básně o 36, 44, 50 a nejčastěji o 100 slokách. Řazené básně ojediněle dosahovaly délky 1 000 až 10 000 slok. S postupující gramotností japonské populace v 16. století se odlehčená varianta řazené básně (jap. haikai no renga) s důrazem na obrazotvornost stala oblíbeným druhem společenské zábavy. Zpočátku se s její pomocí básníci snažili vzbudit úsměv užitím narážek, vtipu, parodie, slangových výrazů a vulgárních témat. Již první sborník básní renga ze 14. století seskupil úvodní verše hokku odděleně. S oblíbeností haikai se úvodní sloka hokku ještě více osamostatnila od zbytku básně. Od 17. století vznikaly sborníky a pořádaly se soutěže v hokku. Prvním významným básníkem této formy poezie byl Macuo Bašó (1644–94). Dalšími byli Yosa Buson (1716–83), Kobayashi Issa (1763–1824) a Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902). Shiki pojmenoval tento útvar představující samostatnou báseň termínem haiku a odlišil ji tak od sloky uvozující řazenou báseň. Stavba japonského haiku Zařazovací slovo (často je česky uváděn termín „sezónní slovo“) vsazuje báseň do kontextu konkrétní roční doby. Soubor těchto slov je tradiční. Je dán konvencí opakujících se motivů japonské poezie a umění obecně. Patří do něj slova označující charakteristické jevy (sníh, mráz, bouře, mlha), rostliny a živočichové (motýl, vlašťovka, květy, tykev) a výroční slavnosti a svátky (Nový rok, výměna zimních šatů za letní, svátky zemřelých a tahání řepy). Zvukomalebnost (eufonie) haiku zachovává přirozený rytmus jazyka a zvyšuje účinnost verše. Vzniká opakováním počátečních hlásek (aliterace) a převládáním stejných samohlásek či stejných nebo zvukově příbuzných souhlásek. Pauza hlavní a často i vedlejší rozděluje haiku do stejně velkých nebo rozdílně velkých významových celků. Pauza vzniká přirozeně přizpůsobením slovosledu. V japonské větě je sloveso obvykle umístěno na konci a tudíž za ním přirozeně následuje pauza. Tyto celky se navzájem liší často také rozdílnými eufonickými skupinami hlásek. Slabičné schéma vychází z přirozeného rytmu japonského jazyka. Narozdíl od přirozeného daktylotrochejského rytmu českého jazyka (střídání tří a dvou slabičných skupin s přízvukem zpravidla na první slabice) se v japonštině střídají nejčastěji pěti a sedmislabičné úseky. Překlady haiku S japonskou poezií se mohl český čtenář seznámit poprvé v roce 1909 ve sbírce Nipponari Emanuela z Lešehradu. Šlo o překlady z jiných evropských jazyků. Nejranější překlady haiku japonských básníků byly česky publikovány až v roce 1937 v antologii Alfonse Bresky (1873–1946) Mléčná dráha. Šlo také o překlady z francouzštiny nebo němčiny. V období těsně po druhé světové válce haiku překládal z japonštiny Miroslav Novák (1924–82) spolu s Janem Vladislavem (1923–, vlastním jménem Ladislav Bambásek). Po roce 1989 japonská haiku překládali a publikovali Antonín Líman (1932–) a Zdenka Švarcová (1942–). Početně nevýznamnou, ale zajímavou skupinu překladů tvoří haiku japonských básníků zmiňujících české reálie. Nejstarší byly publikovány v roce 1963 v časopise Nový Orient. Jde o české překlady 13 haiku japonského básníka Hiroši Koši z jeho návštěvy v Praze. Typickou ukázkou je haiku U Víta. U Víta Studí na dotek Oblýskané sedátko ve zpovědnici (překlad: M. Novák, Nový Orient, ročník 1963) Ukázka Často citovaným příkladem haiku je Bašóova Žába. Haiku vzniklo na jaře někdy v letech 1684–88. Bašó pobýval ve své chatce u řeky v severním Edu (nynější Tokio). Měkkým šuměním deště zaznívalo vrkání holubů. Květy se chvěly v jarním vánku. Ke konci třetího měsíce (pozn.: lunárního kalendáře) bylo často slyšet také zvuk, který vydávají žáby při dopadu na vodu. Naplněn hlubokým pohnutím vytvořil první dva verše žába vskočila a zvuk vody. Jeho žák Kikaku se osmělil a nabídl zahajující verš horské růže, ale Bašó se rozhodl pro staré jezírko. 古池や (furuike ya) 蛙飛び込む (kawazu tobikomu) 水の音 (mizu no oto) V překladu A. Bresky (1937): Pradávný rybník. Jen skočí-li tam žába, zažbluňkne voda. Doslovný překlad M. Nováka (1951): Starý rybník! Žabička vskočila zvuk vody. Přebásněno M. Novákem a J. Vladislavem (1962): TA STARÁ TŮŇKA! Co chvíli pod žabičkou do ticha žbluňká! Ve velmi volném překladu: Prastarý rybník, žába do něj skočí — žbluňk! |
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